Friday, October 14, 2016

Pre-flying Operational Knowledge for the UAV Airman

The first assignment for the third and final course in the Professional UAV Certificate course.
"Pre-flying Operational Knowledge for the UAV Pilot"
 
If you think back to the time you were first learning to ride a bike, the first and most important thing about learning to ride a bike, was in fact, actually riding a bike. The act of balancing while riding in a straight line, turning and for sure, stopping! As well another important thing would be staying safe on the roads, abiding by traffic rules and looking both ways before rushing across the street, and possibly wearing a helmet.
 
One could just read books about bikes, or even complete an online course on riding bikes! While it would be important to understand the physics and mechanics of the bicycle movement, and the understanding the gear chain assembly, and the construction materials of the frame, and knowing all about the top brands, and quoting the specs of the bike itself and other bells and whistles, the most important thing still is actually riding the bike, and operating correctly on a nature trail, or the neighborhood streets or even at the bicycle park with ramps and jumps for fun. Take it a step further, and consider all the requirements for gearing up to ride a bike on the mean city streets along with motor vehicles!
 
The same could be applied to flying UAV in terms of studying background theoretical knowledge vs the practical knowledge of actually flying the UAV in a recreational environment, while completing meaningful tasks and missions and operating in the designated airspaces alongside other UAV and manned airplanes.
 


Step 1. Attain the Basic Knowledge for HOW TO fly a Quadcopter

This is a great tutorial retrieved from an online blogger and drone enthusiast: http://myfirstdrone.com/how-to-fly-a-quadcopter/ (Links to an external site.) as it covers the basics of how to hover and complete bank turns, with lots of practical exercises and basic techniques.


Step 2. The Know Before You Fly website (knowbeforeyoufly.org (Links to an external site.)) really nails it down what you need to do for Recreational, Business, Educational, and Government use. The Department of Transportation’s Federal Aviation Administration has released the first operational rules (Links to an external site.) (PDF) for Small UAV, under 55 lbs.

While flying aircraft would require airworthiness standards or aircraft certification, the FAA is not requiring UAV pilots to do that. Instead, the remote pilot must perform a preflight visual an operational all systems check on the UAV, including the comms link with the control station and UAV.


3. Complete the UAV registration process


Recommend privacy guidelines


* Comply with local and state laws


* FAA Remote Pilot Certification with small UAS rating


* Part 107 Rule


* Applying for a waiver for the Part 107 rule




There is a great merit for the written exam portion of the UAV Pilot Certificate. I think there would be an even greater need for the practical exam and the operational test. ERAU-Worldwide sUAS Consumer Guide Operational Test Plan (Links to an external site.). The two will truly test basic knowledge and hands-on competency. The two go together. We all stay safe if we all play by the rules.


The test criteria tests indoor and outdoor flight operations, and safe observer zones. The assessment sheets also cover every crazy scenario possible, with a threat/ risk assessment on items like if rotor blades hit the floor, batteries exploding and bad landings.

Source: Beyond the Drone Zone


4. Pushing the Envelope

The Waiver process adds the needed flexibility for new users to do greater things with drones than the average user, for example something as necessary as night flying AND simultaneously controlling more than one UAV, try 100 to attain a Guiness Book of World Records feat !

Intel obtained FAA approval to become the first company to manually control multiple drones by one pilot under the Section 333 exemption, using a unique and coordinated IP networking scheme, to demonstrate the power of "the Internet of Things". [3]

Quote retrieved from Intel Newsroom https://newsroom.intel.com/sydney-drone-100-field/ (Links to an external site.)

[An even 100 drones took to the air over Tornesch, Germany, on the evening of Nov. 4, 2015, to create Drone 100. The elaborate marriage of music and light and flight was the result of months of effort by Intel Corp. engineers and Ars Electronica FutureLab digital artists. Their sky-filling artwork was accompanied by an orchestra on the ground and fully enabled by Intel-powered PCs. All their efforts were rewarded with a Guinness World Records citing for the “most unmanned aerial vehicles airborne simultaneously.” (Credit: Intel Corporation) ]




A civilian non-regulatory body can help bridge the gap with drone enthusiasts, expert users and the FAA. The Drone Advisory Council was founded in May 2016. The FAA Administrator Michael Huerta announced that Intel CEO Brian Krzanich will lead the Drone Advisory Council (Links to an external site.), who had this to say: “A positive regulatory environment can be the great enabler for drone innovation, safety and industry expansion. I am honored to assist decision makers in prioritizing and addressing issues facing the integration of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) into national airspace,” said Brian Krzanich, Intel CEO. “As a technology partner in the UAS ecosystem, our work at Intel has given us relevant insight into issues faced by a wide range of stakeholders. The creation of the Drone Advisory Council is an excellent step forward for all in this industry.” [4]

[3]https://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/beyond-the-drone-zone
[4] https://newsroom.intel.com/editorials/peter-cleveland-intel-ceo-and-drone-enthusiast-to-lead-new-faa-drone-advisory-council/

Thursday, September 15, 2016

Launching Up Up and Away

Assignment #1: Attributes to consider for fixed wing UAV
“According to all known laws of aviation, there is no way that a bee should be able to fly. Its wings are too small to get its fat little body off the ground. The bee, of course, flies anyways. Because bees don't care what humans think is impossible.”

Steering entirely away from the obvious science that makes flight possible, or the mechanics behind flight dynamics, and the whole avionics or auto-pilot package let’s focus on the mission, the comms and the payload.  UAV design teams also need to consider the following attributes such as
Takeoff – Will the UAV use a high energy launch system ie catapult, or vehicle mounted take off? How about Vertical Take Off and Landing (VOTL) but that’s not for Fixed Wing models.  In some cases, hand launching is possible though too unpredictable
Landing – Parachutes, Deep Stall (free falling drop from the sky!), Belly Landing (hard), Wheeled landing, Net Recovery, or high precision hook catch (Scan Eagle by Insitu)
Positioning of payload – The actual payload or delivery capability. Some experts would say that the most important consideration in designing the UAV _IS the payload, without the payload the UAV has no purpose [3]. Depending on the structure of the UAV and purpose of the payload and load balancing, possible positions could be belly mounted (for cameras or munitions) vs nose positioning.
Comms Path – more to follow.
 A Complete UAV package design would typically include [2]
  • The baseline aircraft be it fixed wing or rotary series
  • Optional manual control backup, by remote control link for collision avoidance
  • GCS system for remote monitoring the UAV in flight status, intervention
  • Onboard flight control

The communications link between UAV and GCS (ground control station) may theoretically be established by laser, fiber optics or radio but the RF- based communications is by far the most practical and widely used.  Comms link is required for sending flight control data and analysis back to the control station, and depending on the mission, sending the data logging and interaction with on board sensors. Navigation sensors provide measurement of the UAV inflight status. Mission oriented sensors complement the nav sensors, can provide real-time and first person view.
ITU and IEEE names the designated frequency bands for small-scale UAV comms operation to
L band 405-425 MHz, 915 MHz, and 1.35 to 1.39 GHz
S band 2.45 GHz, C band 5.8 GHz all in LOS

Signal modulation – the wide usage of frequency hopping, spread spectrum has made it highly unlikely to lose comms between a UAV and GCS from signal interference.   Spread spectrum is spreading the signal across the frequency spectrum and repeats the freq switching to minimize the chance of intercept or jamming.

Here is a really great example for a complete fixed wing UAV in operation, the Aerosonde.
Interesting facts about Aerosonde by AAI Corporation, a catapult-launched UAV with a typical takeoff weight 39 or 55. It lands by a net recovery catch or a soft belly landing in the snow.
It was initially designed to collect weather and atmospheric data over oceans, at a high altitude (over 5,500 ft) and endurance of over 10 hours. Example of other uses include missions by the US Navy and the US Special Operations Command.
In August 1998, it was the world’s first smallest aircraft to traverse the Atlantic Ocean, the first UAV for sure, launched from the roof of a moving car from Newfoundland, Canada and flew for over 26 hours to a small island off the coast of Scotland through stormy weather. Aerosondes have been known to fly through tropical storms since 2001. [1]


[2] G. Cai, J. Dias, L. Senevirantne, “A Survey of Small-Scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Recent Advances and Future Development Trends” Unmanned Systems, Vol 2, No 2 (2014) pg 1 – 25.
[3] H. Loewen (MicroPilot) - Expert Pointers for Better Fixed-Wing UAV Designs
https://www.micropilot.com/pdf/fixed-wing-uav-designs.pdf (Links to an external site.)

Friday, August 5, 2016

Aerial Delivery of Vaccine-Laced Treats for Wild Ferrets

This blogspace shall be used as a digital notebook/ sandbox to write up my assignments for an online course on small UAV. This is my own original writing and expressively my own opinion, with references hopefully correctly referenced.

Aerial Delivery of Vaccine-Laced Treats for Wild Ferrets

The US Fish and Wildlife Services have a strong case to begin using UAS (aka drones) to deliver the Prairie Dog Sylvatic Plague Vaccine (SPV) to protect the black-footed ferret population, possibly in September 2016.
As widely reported in newspapers, radio broadcasts and tweets around the world, drones will deliver M&M peanuts smeared with vaccine-laced peanut butter to the ferrets on the ground in their own natural habitat, specifically in the Charles M Russell National Wildlife Reserve, as well as thousands of acres of habitat from Canada to Mexico.  The key factors for choosing drones as the most efficient method of delivery is 1) the ability to cover a larger area in a shorter time ie: one vaccine dose per 9-10 meters at a rate of 50 doses per acre; whereas a human can cover only 3-6 acres per hour on foot or ATV. The projected speed of the UAS would fly at 9m/ second and cover an area of 60-200 acres in one hour.  Retrieved from https://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/UAS_2016_EA_final.pdf 2) low environmental impact or damage to ground vegetation and animals on the ground. UAS operators will also maintain safe operation with birds. The exact make and model of drones selected for the contract has not yet been determined as the project is awaiting the final stages of approval. However one could surmise that while deciding on possible candidates, some considerations would be made on the maximum payload (calculate the total weight of M&Ms and peanut butter, plus fuel), the flight path and maximum range and return flight, before reloading or refueling; especially if the category of sUAS is chosen for this application, then the limit would be 55 pounds.

According to the US FWS, delivery of the vaccine using drones “is potentially the most efficient, effective, cost-conscious and environmentally friendly method of application,” Retrieved from, http://www.uasvision.com/2016/07/19/us-to-deliver-mm-vaccines-to-endangered-ferrets/

Type 2 - small UAV
With regards to the criteria for selecting the right small UAS for the specific application of wildlife vaccination by aerial delivery, there are key factors to consider for choice of Type 2, which are classified by the US military as 21 to 55 lbs.  On paper, by comparing payload size, command and control range, and endurance,  the top choices were the Aerosonde Mark 4.7 by AAI Corporation, the Penguin B and Penguin C by UAV Factory, the Shadow Hawk by Vanguard Defence Industries, and the Scan Eagle by Boeing. However I decided to also include videos of live demonstrations to judge suitability in the target environment - a nature preserve, with forested areas, and open fields.

The Scan Eagle boasts a proven track record of military service with a powerful high speed launcher and an equally impressive skyhook catcher by GPS precision guidance, suited tactical environments with the Allied Forces both on land and at sea. See a Scan Eagle Launch and Recovery Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0r5gG6cngyg Perhaps the launch and recovery alone would be a disturbance to the natural environment, as well he payload is too small 0.9 kg is barely a Costco-size bag of peanut M&M's.

On the other hand, Penguin models may be launched more gracefully from a tripod on the ground or from a moving vehicle, with a more seemingly civilian approach to deploy multiple deliveries of tiny packages to a more delicate target set. Penguin Launch https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVZS-w4zKTc The Penguin C offers over 20 hours of continuous flying, onboard video recording, and fuel injected options.  The Penguin B model allows "build your own" payload and autopilot using the given airframe; Penguin C is a more complete package, all-inclusive, "built to suit", ready to fly. (It sounds tempting...)

The Aerosonde has a small footprint, an imagery data link, EO-IR sensors, an automated launch and recovery (mesh net catcher), ideal for maritime operations, and expeditionary military intelligence capabilities.  It is quite graceful in flight, car top or rail launch possible. Aerosonde https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YjqsSoKNt4c The cruising speed of 111 km/h alone would be too fast.

The Shadow Hawk seems to have many applications in surveillance, law enforcement, target tracking and acquisition. See the Shadow in Action set to ominous music https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GlLcI6P-rM The payload size of 10kg, control range of 88km and easy manoeverability and target tracking make it an ideal candidate.

Therefore my top choice would be the Shadow Hawk, by Vanguard Defense Industries.
Length 2.184m
Height 0.757m
Maximum takeoff weight 26kg
Max speed 88.5 km/h
Cruising speed 35 km/h
Control range 24 km
Endurance 3h
Payload 10kg